<div style="text-align: center;"><strong><font color="#ff0000">2014年新人教版小学三年级数学上册知识点</font></strong></div><div><br><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">时、分、秒</span></div><br><span>①</span><span>钟面上有3根针,它们是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">时针</span><span>)、(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">分针</span><span>)、(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">秒针</span><span>),其中走得最快的是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">秒针</span><span>),走得最慢的是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">时针</span><span>)。</span><br><br><span>②</span><span>钟面上有(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> 12</span><span>)个数字,( </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">12</span><span>)个大格,( </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">60</span><span>)个小格;每两个数间是( </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span> )个大格,也就是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> 5 </span><span>)个小格。</span><br><br><span>③</span><span>时针走1大格是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span>)小时;分针走1大格是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">5</span><span>)分钟,走1小格是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span>)分钟;秒针走1大格是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">5</span><span>)秒钟,走1小格是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span>)秒钟。</span><br><br><span>④</span><span>时针走1大格,分针正好走(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span>)圈,分针走1圈是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">60</span><span>)分,也就是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span>)小时。时针走1圈,分针要走(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">12</span><span>)圈。</span><br><br><span>⑤</span><span>分针走1小格,秒针正好走(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span>)圈,秒针走1圈是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">60</span><span>)秒,也就是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span>)分钟。</span><br><br><span>⑥</span><span>时针从一个数走到下一个数是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1小时</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span>分针从一个数走到下一个数是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">5分钟</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span>秒针从一个数走到下一个数是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">5秒钟 </span><span>)。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">时、分、秒的进率</span><span>:</span><br><br><span>1时= 60分 1分= 60秒 半时= 30 分</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "></span><br><br><span>60分=1时 60秒=1分 30 分=半时 </span><br><br><span>⑦</span><span>计量很短的时间,常用比分更小的单位</span><span>——</span><span>秒。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">⑧</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">计算一段时间,就用结束的时刻减去开始的时刻。</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "></span><br><br><br><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">测 量</span></div><br><span>①</span><span>在生活中,量比较短的物品,可以用(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">毫米、厘米、分米</span><span> )做单位;量比较长的物体,常用(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> 米 </span><span>)做单位;测量比较长的路程一般用( </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">千米</span><span> )做单位,千米也叫( </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">公里 </span><span>)。</span><br><br><span>②</span><span>1厘米的长度里有(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">10</span><span>)小格,每个小格长度(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">相等</span><span>)</span><span>,</span><span>都是(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span>)毫米。</span><br><br><span>③</span><span>1分的硬币、尺子、</span><span>银行</span><span>卡、小纽扣的厚度大约是1</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">毫米</span><span>。</span><br><br><span>④</span><span>在计算长度时,只有相同的长度单位才能相加减。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">长度单位的</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">进率</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">:</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> </span><span style=" background:; mso-shading:; "></span><br><br><span>(1)进率是10的:</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "></span><br><br><span>1米=10分米 </span><span> </span><span>1分米=10厘米 1厘米=10毫米</span><br><br><span>10分米=1米 </span><span> </span><span>10厘米=1分米 10毫米=1厘米</span><br><br><span>(2)</span><span>进率是100的:</span><br><br><span>1 米= 100 厘米 1分米=100毫米</span><br><br><span>100 厘米=1 米 </span><span> </span><span>100毫米=1分米</span><br><br><span>(3)</span><span>进率是1000的:</span><br><br><span>1千米=1000米 1公里= 1000米</span><br><br><span>1000米=1千米 1000米 = 1公里</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">小技巧:换算</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">长度单位</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">时,把大单位换成小单位就在数字的末尾添加0(进率有几个0,就添几个0);把小单位换成大单位就在数字的末尾去掉0(进率有几个0,就去掉几个0)。</span><br><br><span>⑥</span><span>、表示物体有多重时,要用到(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">质量单位</span><span>)。称比较轻的物品的质量,可以用(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">克</span><span>)做单位;称一般物品的质量,常用(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">千克</span><span>)做单位;计量较重的或大宗物品的质量,通常用(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">吨</span><span>)做单位。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">质量单位</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">进率: </span><br><br><span>1 吨= 1000千克 1千克=1000克 </span><br><br><span>1000千克= 1 吨 1000克=1千克 </span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">小技巧:把吨换算成千克,就在数字的末尾加上3个0;把千克换算成吨,就在数字的末尾去掉3个0。</span><br><br><br><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">万以内的加法和减法</span></div><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">两个三位数相加的和</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">:</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">可能是三位数,也有可能是四位数。</span><br><br><span>①</span><span>、</span><span>列竖式时</span><span>相同的数位要对齐,要从个位加起、减起。</span><br><br><span>②</span><span>、加法时,要注意进位:哪一位上的数相加满10,就向前一位进1,哪一位上有进位的,计算时要记得多加一个1;</span><br><br><span>③</span><span>、减法时,要注意退位:哪一位上的数不够减,从前一位退1;如果前一位是0,则再从前一位退1,哪一位上有退位的,计算时要记得多减一个1。</span><br><br><span>④</span><span>、退位减法中,</span><span>要注意中间的0</span><span>,中间的“0”退位后,要把中间的“0”看成“9”来算。</span><br><br><span>⑤</span><span>、加减法的关系公式。 </span><br><br><span>加法公式:加数</span><span>+</span><span>另一个加数</span><span>=</span><span>和</span><span> </span><br><br><span>加法的验算:①</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">交换两个加数的位置再算一遍。</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> </span><span>另一个加数+加数</span><span>=</span><span>和</span><span> </span><br><br><span> ②和-另一个加数=加数</span><br><br><span>减法公式:被减数-减数=差</span><br><br><span>减法的验算</span><span>:</span><span> ①差+减数=被减数</span><span> </span><span>②减数+差=被减数</span><span> </span><br><br><span> </span><span> </span><span>③被减数-差=减数</span><br><br><br><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">倍的认识</span></div><br><span>①</span><span>倍的意义:要知道两个数的关系,先确定谁是</span><span>1</span><span>倍数,然后把另一个数和它作比较,另一个数里有几个</span><span>1</span><span>倍数就是它的几倍。</span><br><br><span>②</span><span>求一个数是另一个数的几倍用除法:</span><span> </span><span>一个数÷另一个数=倍数</span><br><br><span>③</span><span>求一个数的几倍是多少用乘法:</span><span> </span><span>一个数×倍数</span><span>=</span><span>这个数的几倍</span><br><br><span>④</span><span>已知一个数的几倍是多少,求这个数用除法:几倍数÷倍数=1倍数</span><span> </span><br><br><br><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">多位数乘一位数</span></div><br><span>①</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">多位数乘一位数(进位)的笔算方法</span><span>:(1)相同数位对齐,从个位乘起;(2)哪一位上乘得的积满几十,就向前一位进几;(3)哪一位上有进位,乘完以后要加上进位。</span><br><br><span>②</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">一个因数中间有</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">0</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">的乘法</span><span>:</span><br><br><span> </span><span>因数中间有</span><span>0</span><span>,用一位数去乘多位数,与中间的</span><span>0</span><span>相乘时,如果后面没有进上来的数,这一位上要用</span><span>0</span><span>来占位,如果有进上来的数必须加上。</span><br><br><span> 一个因数末尾有</span><span>0</span><span>的乘法的简便计算:笔算时,可以把一位数与多位数</span><span>0</span><span>前面那个数字对齐,再看多位数的末尾有几个</span><span>0</span><span>,就在积的末尾添上几个</span><span>0</span><span>。</span><br><br><span>③</span><span>0</span><span>和任何数相乘都得</span><span>0</span><span>;</span><span> 1</span><span>和任何不是</span><span>0</span><span>的数相乘还得原来的数。</span><br><br><span>④</span><span>三位数乘一位数:积有可能是三位数,也有可能是四位数。</span><br><br><span>⑤</span><span>(关于</span><span>“</span><span>大约)应用题:</span><br><br><span> 问题中出现</span><span>“</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">大约</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">”</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">、</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">“</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">约</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">”</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">、</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">“</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">估一估</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">”</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">、</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> “</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">估算</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">”</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">、</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> “</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">估计一下</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">”</span><span>,就用估算,计算结果用(</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">≈</span><span>)。</span><br><br><br><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">长方形和正方形</span></div><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">①</span><span>有</span><span>4</span><span>条直的边和</span><span>4</span><span>个角的封闭图形我们叫它</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">四边形</span><span>。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">②</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">四边形的特点</span><span>:有四条直的边,有四个角。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">③</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">长方形的特点</span><span>:长方形有两条长</span><span>,</span><span>两条宽,四个角都是直角,对边相等</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">④</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">正方形的特点</span><span>:有</span><span>4</span><span>个直角,</span><span>4</span><span>条边相等。正方形是特殊的长方形。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">⑤</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">平行四边形的特点</span><span>:①对边相等、对角相等。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span>②平行四边形容易变形。(三角形不容易变形)</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">⑥</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">长方形和正方形是特殊的平行四边形。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">⑦</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">封闭图形一周的长度,就是它的周长</span><span>。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">公式:</span><span> </span><span>长方形的周长=(长+宽)×</span><span>2 </span><br><br><span> 长方形的长</span><span>=</span><span>周长÷</span><span>2</span><span>-宽</span><span> </span><span> 长方形的宽</span><span>=</span><span>周长÷</span><span>2</span><span>-长</span><br><br><span> 正方形的周长</span><span>=</span><span>边长×</span><span>4 </span><span>正方形的边长</span><span>=</span><span>周长÷</span><span>4 </span><br><br><br><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">分数的初步认识</span></div><br><span>①</span><span>分数的意义:把一个整体平均分成若干份,表示其中的几份就是这个整体的几分之几,所分的份数作分母,所占的份数作分子。</span><br><br><span>②</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">几分之一:</span><span>把一个整体平均分成几份,每一份就是它的几分之一。</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "></span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">几分之几:</span><span>把一个整体平均分成几份,取其中的几份,就是这个整体的几分之几。</span><br><br><span> 把一个整体平均分得的份数越多,它的每一份所表示的数就越小。</span><br><br><span>③</span><span>比较大小的方法:</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> 分子相同比分母,分母小的分数反而大,分母大的分数反而小。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> 分母相同比分子,分子大的分数就大,分子小的分数就小。</span><br><br><span>④</span><span>分数加减法:</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">同</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">分母的分数加、减法的计算方法</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">:</span><span>同分母分数相加减,分母不变,分子相加、减。</span><br><br><span style=" font-weight:bold; "> </span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">1</span><span style=" font-weight:bold; ">减几分之几的计算方法:</span><span>计算</span><span>1</span><span>减几分之几时,先把</span><span>1</span><span>写成与减数分母相同的分数(</span><span>1可以看作是分子分母相同的分数</span><span>),再计算。</span><br><br><span>⑤</span><span>求一个数的几分之几是多少的计算方法:</span><br><br><span> 先用这个数除以分母(求出</span><span>1</span><span>份的数量是多少),再用商乘分子(求出其中几份是多少)</span><br><br><br><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">数学广角--集合</span></div><br><span>集合问题的特征:有重复的(重叠的)。</span><br><br><span>解决集合问题的方法:画集合图分析,列算式计算时减去重复的一次。</span><br><br></div>
三年级上